表面活性剂的洗涤作用是表面活性剂具有最大实际用途的基本特性。它涉及到千家万户的日常生活。并且在各行各业和各种工业生产中也得到越来越多的应用。
Detergents: Surfactants are the main active ingredients of detergents, and without surfactants there would be no synthetic detergents. Among all types of SAA, anionic surfactants are the first and most widely used type of surfactants, and the current demand is over 50%. For some time in the future, anionic surfactants will still occupy a dominant position.
一、阴离子型表面活性剂：阴离子表面活性剂作为洗涤剂的类型主要有脂肪酸盐(肥皂)、烷基苯磺酸盐(ABS)、脂肪醇硫酸盐(AS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯硫酸盐(AES)、α—烯烃硫酸盐(AOS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯羧酸盐(AEC)、松香酸钠（CAS）和脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)等。
1．肥皂：肥皂分子的表面活性部分带负电荷，其中长碳链脂肪酸钠盐和钾盐约占25％左右。这种被最为广泛使用的肥皂，优点：原料丰富，制备方便，价格低廉。工业上一般以牛油、羊油等油脂为原料，用强碱进行皂化，后经盐析，分离甘油而制得，最大的缺点是，它们在水溶液中遇到二价和三价的金属离子如Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+等，便会生成溶解度很低的钙皂或镁皂，从而丧失了肥皂应有的清洗特性。
2．烷基苯磺酸盐(ABS)：烷基苯磺酸钠盐(R-C6H6-S03Na)是很重要的阴离子表面活性剂，它在水中有较好的溶解性能，几乎全部被电离，它的钙盐和镁盐对水的溶解度比较大，所以有较好的耐硬水性。在烷基苯磺酸盐中，直链型烷基苯(LAS) 其价格低廉，洗涤力强且易生物降解环境友好。因此，到目前为止，还没有任何一种表面活性剂在作为洗涤活性物使用时，能在技术性能上和经济效益上能与LAS相匹敌，被全世界的合成洗涤剂工业界誉为合成洗涤剂的主力军。主要用作工业和家庭洗涤剂使用。代表产品：十二烷基苯磺酸钠，具有优良的洗涤效果，十八烷基苯磺酸钠在烷基苯磺酸钠系列中洗净力最强。
3．α—烯烃磺酸盐(AOS) ：AOS是一种性能优良的洗涤活性物。主要用于洗手液、香波、泡沫浴、餐具洗涤剂，工业清洗剂及洗衣粉。
4．高级脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES) ：R为烷基，R’为甲基，去污力以R为C16和 C18为好，抗硬水能力R为C14最好。MES是以天然油脂为原料制成的表面活性剂，具有良好洗涤性能和很强的皂钙分散力。对沸石有优异的配伍性，适合于制造无磷洗衣粉。它的钙皂分散力比LAS高得多，因此有利于复合皂与皂基洗衣粉的生产与应用。
5．松香酸钠（CAS）是一种三苯环结构阴离子表面活性剂，由于它的两亲结构(一端亲水基，一端亲油基)，固广泛用作高性能乳化剂，特别是对于分子中含苯环结构产品的乳化。松香酸钠用作冲洗液时，它的亲水基吸附在钻具和孔壁上，而亲油基则起着隔离摩擦面的作用，使固体之间的摩擦变为油面之间的摩擦，借以降低孔壁与钻具之间的摩擦阻力;松香酸钠是一种重要的混凝土外加剂，它大大提高了高强混凝土的力学性能，松香酸钠加气剂不但成本低，而且提供了简便易行的施工艺。
6．脂肪醇硫酸盐(AS)和脂肪醇醚硫酸盐(AES) ：AS的通式ROSO3Na，R为C14~C16具有较好的洗涤性；AES的通式 RO(C2H4O)nSO3Na ，R为C14~C15 n＝1—2具有较好洗涤性。AS和AES都具有良好的生物降解性，较强的去污力和良好的起泡性。适合于配制高泡洗涤剂。它适合于易护理型或羊毛洗涤剂，大量用于泡沫浴、洗发香波、化妆品、手洗餐洗剂、蔬菜用洗涤剂、家庭洗涤剂等。
II. Non-ionic surfactants: Non-ionic surfactants have good decontamination power for oily dirt and strong ability to prevent re-pollution of synthetic fibers. Hard water resistance and resistance to high concentration of electrolytes are both relatively strong. The biggest advantage of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants is the adjustability of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic group parts. The EO number can be adjusted to suit various substrates to achieve the best detergency.
1. Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers: general formula RO(C2H4O)nH R=C12~C18, n adjustable. These compounds have high detergent activity as shown in the following aspects: low critical colloid concentration (cmc), which means high detergency at low concentrations, strong detergency and anti-dirt redeposition properties when washing synthetic fibers. It also has good low-temperature detergency. At room temperature, it is a white, light yellow paste. Dissolved in water, it has emulsification, net washing and wetting properties. Mainly used in household and industrial, detergents and metal cleaners.
2. polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether formula R is mainly octyl, nonyl and dodecyl; n adjustable, they are characterized by strong ability to remove oil and fat. Representative products are OP series, OPE series and SOPE series, the main performance of acid and alkali resistance and hard water resistance, with decontamination, wetting, emulsification of metal processing and industrial detergent.
3．烷基糖苷(APG)：烷基糖苷被誉为是一种新型世界级非离子表面活性剂。
因此，它正受到洗涤业、化妆业、食品加工业以及制药业等众多领域的特殊青睐。并且由于它的易漂洗无斑痕的特性，还特别适宜于做餐具洗涤剂、瓶洗剂等。
C. Amphoteric surfactants: Their molecular structure has both positive and negative charges. Due to the specificity of molecular structure, it has the following characteristics in the process of use: low toxicity and low irritation to skin and eyes; good biodegradability and compatibility; good wettability, detergency and foam generation, and the following types are used as detergents.
1、N-acyl amino acid type: They are mainly used as the base for shampoo and detergent. Can resist weak acid and hard water. For example: N-Acyl polycondensed amino (polypeptide) carboxylic acid salt. Remi gang A (613 detergent, sodium oleoylamino (polypeptide) carboxylate) Remi gang A is condensed from fatty chloride and polycondensed amino acids made by hydrolysis of proteins. Therefore, it has low irritation and low toxicity and can be used in cosmetics. It has strong calcium soap dispersing, detergency and emulsifying power. In the textile industry as a purifying detergent, emulsifier, suitable for washing silk and wool because of poor degreasing power.
2、Betaine-type: Betaine-type amphoteric surfactants have good washing power for both cotton fabrics and polyester/cotton blended fabrics, especially betaine hydroxysulfonic acid, which has its advantages in the washing process. For example, dodecyl dimethyl betaine is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid. Cationic in acidic media, anionic in alkaline media. Easily biodegradable. This product has excellent foaming properties, can make the hair soft, suitable for the manufacture of non-irritating, hair conditioning shampoo, baby shampoo, etc.. Because of good hard water resistance, it is used to prepare hard water detergent. It can also be used as bactericidal agent.
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